An abstract is a to word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay or report and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it should also suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper Mar 13, · Then the abstract content begins beneath it—all in one paragraph with no indentation and one-inch margins on either side. Here is an example of the basic format of an APA abstract: This is the format all APA abstracts should follow. Notice that the running title of the paper and the page number are at the header of the blogger.com: Tonya Thompson A scientific report or essay is a fine example of abstract essay samples used widely in professional journal articles. For example - Topic: How to contain Global Warming? You can begin with an example or quotation that explains your stand on the topic
The Basic Format of an APA Abstract with Examples
Ten Examples of Abstracts. Example One. Abstract essay example allowing voters to choose among candidates with competing policy orientations and by providing incentives for incumbents to shape policy in the direction the public desires, elections are thought to provide the foundation that links government policy to the preferences of the governed.
Using an original data set of almost two thousand survey questions on proposed policy changes between andI find a moderately strong relationship between what the public wants and what the government does, abstract essay example, albeit with a strong bias toward the status quo.
But I also find that when Abstract essay example with different income levels differ in their policy preferences, actual policy outcomes strongly reflect the preferences of the most affluent but bear virtually no relationship to the preferences of poor or middle-income Americans. The vast discrepancy I find in government responsiveness to citizens with different incomes stands in stark contrast to the ideal of political equality that Americans hold dear.
Although perfect political equality is an unrealistic goal, representational biases of this magnitude call into question the very democratic character of our society. Example Two. The data come from four surveys selected for their unusually rich measurement of both policy preferences and other racial attitudes: the and National Election Studies, the General Social Survey, and the Los Angeles County Social Survey.
They indicate that such opposition is more strongly rooted in racial antagonism than in non-racial conservatism, that whites tend to respond to quite different racial policies in similar fashion, that racial attitudes affect evaluations of black and ethnocentric white presidential candidates, and that their effects are just as strong among college graduates as among those with no college education.
Second, we present evidence that symbolic racism is consistently more powerful than older forms of racial antagonism, and its greater strength does not diminish with controls on non-racial ideology, partisanship, and values. The origins of symbolic racism abstract essay example partly in both anti-black antagonism and non-racial conservative attitudes and values, abstract essay example, and so mediates their effects on policy preferences, but it explains substantial additional variance by itself, suggesting that it does represent a new form of racism independent of older racial and political attitudes, abstract essay example.
The findings are each replicated several times with different measures, in different surveys conducted at different times, abstract essay example. We also provide new evidence in response to earlier critiques of research on symbolic racism. Example Three. Twenty-two percent of voters picked "moral values" from a list of "issues" describing what mattered most in their vote, more than selected any other item.
Various commentators have misinterpreted this single data point to conclude that moral values are an ascendant political issue and to credit conservative Christian groups with turning George W. We suggest, rather, that while morals and values abstract essay example critical in informing political judgments, they represent personal characteristics and ill-defined policy preferences far more than any discrete political issue.
Using national exit poll data from through and other national surveys, abstract essay example, we find that the moral values item abstract essay example the issues list cannot properly be viewed as a discrete issue or set of closely related issues; that its importance to voters has not grown over time; and that when controlled for other variables, abstract essay example, it ranks low on the issues list in predicting vote choices.
Example Four. In Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, Eduardo Abstract essay example examines how whites use color-blindness as a tool to perpetuate racial inequality without themselves sounding racist. He asserts that white America 's justifications for the continued second-class status of African Americans stem from a new, post-Civil Rights racial ideology that he calls color-blind racism.
Bonilla-Silva argues that color-blind racism, which is founded upon the belief that race no longer matters, is currently the abstract essay example racial ideology in the United States. This Abstract essay example Review ratifies Bonilla-Silva's argument through an examination of the recent Supreme Court decisions on affirmative action in higher education, which demonstrably undervalue the persistence of racial inequality in the United States.
Through the use of a color-blind ideology, abstract essay example, the Justices mask the seriousness of racial inequality in the United States and may be hastening an end to racial progress before its time. Keith R. Example Five. This essay explores the ethics of how the press covers presidential nomination campaigns.
Nominees may be predicted with a high degree of success before voting begins. Horse-race press coverage of the pre-primary period dramatically characterizes the process as unstable and up for grabs. By doing so, the press paradoxically contributes to the stability and, therefore, is complicit in limiting voter choice, abstract essay example.
Example Six. This article reports the results of several field experiments designed to measure campaign effects in partisan contests.
The findings suggest incumbent campaigns failed to increase incumbent vote share, whereas the challenger campaign was effective. The analysis reveals that if incumbents maximize their probability of victory rather than vote share, campaigns by typical incumbents are expected to produce only minimal improvement in incumbent vote share, abstract essay example.
This article demonstrates the wide scope of application for field experiments and provides an example of how experimental findings can serve as a catalyst for generating theories. Example Seven. Analyses of the persuasive effects of media exposure outside the laboratory have generally abstract essay example negative results.
I attribute such nonfindings in part to carelessness regarding the inferential consequences of measurement error and in part to limitations of research design. In an analysis of opinion change during the presidential campaign, adjusting for measurement error produces several strong media exposure effects, especially for network television news, abstract essay example. Adjusting for measurement error also makes preexisting opinions look much more stable, suggesting that the new information absorbed via media exposure must be about three times as distinctive as has generally been supposed in order to account for observed patterns of opinion change.
Example Eight, abstract essay example. There is a burgeoning literature on the aetiologyperformance and consequences of violence. Research straddles a variety of disciplines including law, sociology, psychology, anthropology, criminology, military history, and theology.
Example Nine. Longitudinal studies suggest that law school has a corrosive effect on the well-being, values, abstract essay example, and motivation of students, ostensibly because of its problematic institutional culture.
Students abstract essay example both schools declined in abstract essay example need satisfaction and well-being over the 3 years. However, student reports of greater perceived autonomy support by faculty predicted less radical declines in need satisfaction, which in turn predicted better well-being in the 3rd year and also a higher grade point average, better bar exam results, and more selfdetermined motivation for the first job after graduation.
Institution-level analyses showed that although students at both schools suffered, one school was perceived as more controlling than the other, predicting greater difficulties for its students.
Implications for SDT and for legal education are discussed. Sheldon and Lawrence S. Example Ten. Most people are caring and will exert great effort to rescue individual victims whose needy plight comes to their attention, abstract essay example.
Why does this occur? The answer to this question will help us answer a related question that is the topic of this paper: Why, over the past century, abstract essay example, have good people repeatedly ignored mass murder and genocide? Every episode of mass murder is unique and raises unique obstacles to intervention. But the repetitiveness of such atrocities, ignored by powerful people and na-tionsand by the general public, calls abstract essay example explanations that may reflect some fundamental deficiency in our humanity—a deficiency that, once identified, might possibly be overcome.
One fundamental mechanism that may play a role in many, if not all, episodes of mass-murder neglect abstract essay example the capacity to experience affectthe positive and negative feelings that combine with reasoned analysis to guide our judgments, decisions, and actions. I shall draw from psychological research to show how the statistics of mass murder or genocide, no matter how large the numbers, fail to convey the true meaning of such atrocities.
Recognizing that we cannot rely only upon our moral feelings to motivate proper action against genocide, we must look to moral argument and international law. The Genocide Convention was supposed to meet this need, but it abstract essay example not been effective.
It is time to examine this failure in light of the psychological deficiencies described here and design legal and institutional mechanisms that will enforce proper response to genocide and other forms of mass murder. Ten Examples of Abstracts Example One By abstract essay example voters to choose among candidates with competing policy orientations and by providing incentives for incumbents to shape policy in the direction the public desires, elections are thought to provide the foundation that links government policy to the preferences of the governed.
Example Six This article reports the results of several field experiments designed to measure campaign effects in partisan contests. Example Eight There is a burgeoning literature on the aetiologyperformance and consequences of violence. Example Nine Longitudinal studies abstract essay example that law school has a corrosive effect on the well-being, values, and motivation of students, ostensibly because of its problematic institutional culture.
How To Write An Abstract In 5 Minutes? A Practical Guide With Examples!
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Examples of abstracts Here are two abstracts with the key parts identified. The Descriptive abstract (1) is for a humanities paper and the Informative abstract (2) for a psychology report. (1) Model descriptive abstract Abstract (Stevenson, ) Key Parts The opportunity to design and File Size: KB Ten Examples of Abstracts Example One By allowing voters to choose among candidates with competing policy orientations and by providing incentives for incumbents to shape policy in the direction the public desires, elections are thought to provide the foundation that links government policy to the preferences of the governed Mar 13, · Then the abstract content begins beneath it—all in one paragraph with no indentation and one-inch margins on either side. Here is an example of the basic format of an APA abstract: This is the format all APA abstracts should follow. Notice that the running title of the paper and the page number are at the header of the blogger.com: Tonya Thompson
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