Over the past decade, a similar shift has occurred in psychology and in addiction studies. During this time, both fields independently recognized that their work was focusing disproportionately on illness and pathology, with scholars in psychology calling for the scientific study of the phenomenon of human flourishing (Keyes & Haidt, ), and scholars in addictions research calling for a new Duke's Department of Psychology and Neuroscience embraces this approach, using a broad range of methods and interacting with researchers in many different fields. Depending on one's field, training may include neuroimaging, optigenetics, laboratory experiments, clinical approaches, and/or field interviews Sep 08, · The SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program is now accepting applications for Fall admission from October 1 through December 1, For more information [ ]
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Advances in positive psychology have grown exponentially over the past decade. The addictions field has experienced its own growth in a positive direction, dissertation research funding psychology by the recovery movement. Despite parallel developments, and great momentum on both sides, there has been little crosspollination.
This review introduces positive psychology and the recovery movement, describes the research on positive psychology in the addictions, and discusses future avenues of theory, research, and intervention based on a positive-psychology framework.
A systematic review of positive psychology applied to substance use, addiction, and recovery found nine studies which are discussed according to dissertation research funding psychology following themes: theoretical propositions, character strengths and drinking, positive psychology and recovery, positive interventions, and addiction: feeling good and feeling bad.
The current scholarship is scant, but diverse, covering a wide range of populations adults, adolescents, those in and out of treatmenttopics character strengths, recovery, positive affectdissertation research funding psychology, and addictive behaviors work addiction, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use disorders, dissertation research funding psychology.
There is diversity, dissertation research funding psychology, dissertation research funding psychology, in country of origin, with work originating in the US, UK, Poland, and Spain. The rigorous application of the lens, tools, and approaches of positive psychology to addiction research generally, and to the aims of the recovery movement specifically, has potential for the development of theory and innovation in prevention and intervention.
Further, because the work in positive psychology has primarily focused on microsystems, it may be primed to make contributions to the predominantly macro-systems dissertation research funding psychology of the recovery movement. Over the past decade, a similar shift has occurred in psychology and in addiction studies. Within psychology, this shift has become the fast-growing subspecialty of positive psychology.
Within the addictions, this shift has become the grassroots recovery movement. The two movements dissertation research funding psychology existed side-by-side with minimal crosspollination, dissertation research funding psychology.
Conversely, the Second World Congress on Positive Psychology took place July 23—26,in Philadelphia, PA, USA and featured 6 plenaries, 24 symposia, 27 workshops, dissertation research funding psychology, 15 lectures by invited speakers, and posters. The Hoxmark poster and the theoretical and empirical work described in this review suggest that positive psychology has begun to be applied to theory, research, and intervention in substance use disorders.
Although positive psychology and the recovery movement share similar interests and emphases, they differ in important ways that frame the current discussion, dissertation research funding psychology. Within the field of addiction, the recovery movement is a multi-faceted grassroots effort led by individuals who are themselves in recovery from substance use disorders.
The movement is built on a recovery-oriented, rather than a pathology-oriented, framework from which addiction and its resolution are understood. Working from an established set of values and goals, participants in the recovery movement work collectively to remove obstacles to treatment, support multiple paths to recovery, and make larger social systems more supportive of recovery lifestyles White, While the movement adopts the disease model of addiction and situates addiction pathology at the level of the individual rather than, for example, at the level of larger social forces such as poverty and inequalitythe movement primarily focuses on macro-systemic change targeting policies, treatment systems, dissertation research funding psychology, community resources, and larger social phenomena including stigma White, ab.
While the recovery movement is primarily a social movement with a political advocacy agenda, it has an academic component. While the recovery movement has grass roots, positive psychology was sprouted in academic soil. Positive psychology quickly gained appeal among individuals in the general public who are eager to improve their lives, giving positive psychology the feeling of a social movement spreading beyond academia.
As a social science, positive psychology provides the research community with conceptual frameworks, definitions of key constructs, measurement instruments, dissertation research funding psychology, positive interventions, and a growing evidence base.
While positive psychology dissertation research funding psychology in part on positive organizations, its primary emphasis has been intra-psychic microlevel change at the level of the individual. The focus of the current review is the application of the science of positive psychology to rigorous addictions research and the ways in which the constructs, theories, and interventions of positive psychology dovetail with, and further the aims of, addiction studies and the recovery movement.
As such, this review describes and marks the early influence of positive psychology on the addictions field. What follows is an introduction to the field of positive psychology including scholarly critique and positive interventionsan introduction to the recovery movement and its evidence base, a review of extant research on efforts to apply positive-psychology approaches to the addictions, and proposed avenues for future research and intervention based on a positive psychology framework.
Martin Seligman, dissertation research funding psychology, the psychologist and architect of learned helplessness theory Seligman,assumed leadership of the American Psychological Association in American Psychological Association, n.
He articulated that as president, his objective for his term was to focus the profession on the scientific study of wellbeing. In a theoretical continuum with severe mental illness on the left and optimal human thriving on the right, a hypothetical distribution of individuals populates a bell curve of illness and wellbeing. Seligman pointed out that previous research had focused on the left half of the curve and that the right side of the curve, populated by individuals in good health who are thriving, mostly had been neglected.
Positive psychology distinguishes itself from the psychology that came before it, that is, the work dedicated to reducing suffering and decreasing pathology that was the aim of psychological work historically.
Long before positive psychology, the great philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and psychological thinkers Freud, Jung, Adler, Frankl, Rogers, Maslow articulated theories of the good life, pleasure, wholeness, purpose, health, and actualization Duckworth, et al. Duckworth et al. Positive psychologists did not invent positive emotion or well-being or good character, nor were positive psychologists even among the first to usher in their scientific study.
Rather, the contribution of positive psychology has been to champion these topics as worthy of mainstream scientific investigation, to bring them to the attention of various foundations and funding agencies, to help raise money for their study, and perhaps to provide an overarching conceptual structure pp.
Positive psychology is a young field marked by exponential growth and widespread attention in the popular media, including cover stories in Time magazine Wallis, and popular books for lay audiences e. The combination of its rapid growth and lay popularity has spawned criticism and debate, dissertation research funding psychology. As the current review will show, positive psychology is in the earliest stages of its influence on substance use research.
Therefore it is an opportune time to take account of criticism so that new work building on positive psychology may heed the cautions raised in the scholarly discourse. While it is beyond the scope of the current review to describe the body of debate in depth, a summary and sources for further reading are provided.
At least two worthwhile debates about positive psychology have taken place in print. InPsychological Inquiry Volume 14, Number 2 showcased a critique of positive psychology written by Richard S. Lazarus criticized positive psychology for taking an overly simplistic approach to the complexities of human emotion and the harsh realities of human life Lazarus, a. A more recent debate focusing on positive psychology and health was published in Annals of Behavioral Dissertation research funding psychologyVolume Critics in this series point out methodological and measurement weaknesses in some individual studies and some meta-analyses and what the authors identify as a tendency in positive psychology to build on weak studies.
In a similar vein, Ryff criticizes some positive psychologists for misrepresenting the ideas of the field as new when, in fact, there has been a long history of scholarly attention to human strengths.
Most critiques in one way or another trace back to the multi-dimensionality of positive psychology as both a popular self-help movement and a scholarly discipline. It seems there dissertation research funding psychology been some blurring between positive psychology as a rigorous form of scientific inquiry and the larger positive psychology movement featuring the marketing of life-enhancing goods and services to the general public.
Wide popular appeal for life improvement, and wide interest in paying for commodities that might lead to a happier life, may have led in some cases to the overstatement of research claims; in addition, media coverage, dissertation research funding psychology, both in print and online, may quote scholarship out of context.
Because the field is new and has been embraced by popular culture, critical thinking is essential both in assessing positive-psychological research and in building good science not only on its foundation, but on the foundation of the decades of relevant scholarship that preceded it.
Positive-psychological science seeks to understand and to intervene, with the objective of improving the life satisfaction and happiness of both well and clinical populations. A subset of interventions has been identified as those that can be self-administered without professional administration. Think about your life in the future. Imagine that everything has gone as well as it possibly could. You have worked hard and succeeded at accomplishing all of your life goals.
Think of this as the realization of all of your life dreams. Now, write about what you imagined King,p, dissertation research funding psychology. Positive interventions such as these, along with exercises designed to promote kindness, generosity, and mindfulness Layous, et al.
A meta-analysis of 51 randomized controlled studies of positive interventions extracted data from studies of individuals who were healthy and dissertation research funding psychology individuals who suffered from depression. While these results are promising, closer scrutiny of the literature reveals subtleties which suggest a more cautious endorsement of the interventions emerging from positive psychology.
For example, studies testing the effects of similar interventions on different outcomes have reported contradictory results. In other studies, the makeup of the comparison condition reveals information about the potential of an intervention. Hassles conditions ask individuals to list things that irritate, annoy, or bother them Froh, et al.
However, among groups more at risk than healthy populations, significant differences between gratitude exercises and controls have been observed. In short, an emerging pattern suggests that those at a slight or great disadvantage, either because of physical illness, low positive affect, or high self-criticism, seem to benefit more from a gratitude intervention than healthier individuals. The possibility that those more at risk may have more to gain from positive interventions is an endorsement for exploring the value of such interventions among individuals in treatment for substance use disorders, as such individuals are suffering from a wide range of ill effects secondary to their substance use, dissertation research funding psychology.
However, clinicians should consider several points before employing these interventions with individuals with substance use disorders.
It is not clear whether less motivated or more ambivalent individuals with substance use disorders would make the kind of effort required for maximum benefit. There are also socioeconomic considerations, as much of the positive psychology intervention research has been conducted among healthy college students or individuals surfing the web in search of such exercises. Many studies have delivered the intervention electronically using the web Seligman, et al. It is not clear whether individuals with substance use disorders, after suffering socioeconomic deterioration as a result of their addictions, might have regular access to computers with the internet connection necessary to participate.
Exemplars of such essays quoted in the literature depict a level of excellence in written communication associated with higher levels of education King, ; Seligman, Whether these dissertation research funding psychology might work with individuals in substance use disorder treatment, especially those with less education and lower levels of literacy, is a good question for future dissertation research funding psychology. Beginning in the mids, but gaining momentum in the mids White, baddiction recovery became a social movement separate and apart from positive psychology.
The recovery movement comprises multiple dimensions which will be described below. One phenomenon co-occurring with and contributing to the recovery movement is the growth of specialized mutual-aid recovery groups. This growth is in accord with one of the core ideas of the recovery movement: that there are multiple paths to recovery W.
White, com ; and numerous other examples White, et al. The recovery movement has organized itself into advocacy groups which actively work to support treatment-friendly legislation, fight stigma, and change public opinion.
The national advocacy group is Faces and Voices of Recovery FAVOR,n. As a result of such advocacy, recovering individuals increasingly have a place at the table when policies and legislation are written and reformed Valentine, Other phenomena of the movement are new recovery institutions, which address needs outside the purview of formal treatment and mutual-aid White, et al.
These new institutions include recovery community dissertation research funding psychology, recovery homes, recovery schools, recovery ministries, and recovery industries White, et al. The recovery movement has had an influence on treatment, embodied by the idea of Recovery Management RMa philosophy of intervention which uses a continuity-of-care approach to adequately address the chronicity of addiction. RM is a component of a larger organizing construct, Recovery Oriented Systems of Care ROSC.
ROSC refers to linkages between elements of the larger social world that affect and influence recovery: housing, employment, treatment, self-help, policy, and public opinion. Evidence for the effectiveness of the recovery movement takes three forms: evidence for its dissertation research funding psychology ideas, evidence of the impact of new recovery institutions, and outcome research on interventions that follow a continuity-of-care, versus an acute-care, model.
It is beyond the scope of the current review to report extensively on these areas, however, examples from each category are provided as an overview.
A first empirical question is, how many people are recovering dissertation research funding psychology substance use disorders? At least two scientific methods have been employed to answer this question: survey research and the synthesis of findings from literature reviews. The Partnership at Drugfree. This percentage, extrapolated to the US population suggests that White condensed the findings from scientific reports published between and which documented rates of recovery or remission, dissertation research funding psychology.
He estimated that the percentage of adults in the general population in the US in remission from substance use disorders ranged from 5.
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Duke's Department of Psychology and Neuroscience embraces this approach, using a broad range of methods and interacting with researchers in many different fields. Depending on one's field, training may include neuroimaging, optigenetics, laboratory experiments, clinical approaches, and/or field interviews The Psychology & Neuroscience department is committed to advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion. Our values align with Duke University's core values for excellence. The Psychology & Neuroscience community is dedicated to creating an academic and social environment where each person can flourish A limited number of research and teaching assistantships are available in the Psychology department. Teaching assistantships are usually restricted to doctoral candidates. Faculty Research Interests. The following Clinical Psychology faculty members typically serve as the primary research supervisors for Clinical Psychology doctoral students
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