Insomnia research paper

Insomnia research paper

Insomnia Research Paper. Words3 Pages. How to Prevent Insomnia. An estimated 90% of people experience periods of insomnia throughout diverse phases of their lives. Insomnia is an extensive sleep disorder that prevents people from sleeping regularly. This particular sleep disorder is basically a response to either two questions: “Do you experience difficulty sleeping?” or “Do you have trouble Aug 15,  · However, for the purpose of this paper, the term insomnia will be used as a disorder with the following diagnostic criteria: (1) difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or nonrestorative sleep; (2) this difficulty is present despite adequate opportunity and circumstance to sleep; (3) this impairment in sleep is associated with daytime impairment or distress; and (4) this sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 times This study suggests that the economic burden of insomnia is very high, with the largest proportion of all expenses (76%) attributable to insomnia-related work absences and reduced blogger.comted Reading Time: 6 mins

Insomnia Research Papers

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. The term insomnia is used in a variety of ways in the medical literature and popular press, insomnia research paper. Most often, insomnia is defined by the presence of an individual's report of difficulty with sleep. Thus, the presence of a long sleep latency, frequent nocturnal awakenings, or prolonged periods of wakefulness during the sleep period or even frequent transient arousals are taken as evidence of insomnia.

However, for the insomnia research paper of this paper, the term insomnia will be used as a disorder with the following diagnostic criteria: 1 difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or nonrestorative sleep; 2 this difficulty is present despite adequate opportunity and circumstance to sleep; 3 this impairment in sleep is associated with daytime impairment or distress; and 4 this sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 times per insomnia research paper and has been a problem for at least 1 month.

What qualifies insomnia to be considered a disorder? A disorder is a condition associated with negative consequences, and importantly, these consequences are not a normal result of the condition but rather the result of some sort of pathological response. In the present discussion, the consequences of insomnia can not merely be the normal consequence of sleep loss. Estimates of the prevalence of insomnia depend on the criteria used to define insomnia and more importantly the population studied.

Several well-identified risk factors for insomnia were reported by the State-of-the-Science Conference in June While the cause of this increased risk in the elderly is not well defined, it may be due to the partial decline in functionality of sleep control systems that may contribute to insomnia in this older population.

Importantly, the presence of comorbid medical conditions is also a significant contributor to the increased prevalence of insomnia in the elderly.

Additionally, insomnia research paper, in women, insomnia is more prevalent with both the onset of menses and menopause. It is important to recognize that these factors do not independently cause insomnia, but rather they are precipitants of insomnia in individuals predisposed to this disorder.

In fact, insomnia research paper, chronic illnesses are a significant risk for insomnia. Importantly, a variety of primary sleep disorders as well as circadian rhythm disorders are frequently comorbid with and often lead to insomnia.

Among the primary sleep disorders, restless legs syndrome RLS10 periodic limb movement disorders PLMDand sleep-related breathing disorders snoring, dyspnea, sleep apnea often present with an insomnia symptom. Among younger individuals, difficulty falling asleep is often associated with a phase delay syndrome, insomnia research paper. However, in the elderly, phase advance syndrome results in reports of difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, and experiencing early morning awakenings.

The most common comorbidities associated with insomnia are psychiatric disorders. Due to its chronicity, insomnia is associated with substantial impairments in an individual's quality of life, insomnia research paper.

In several studies, insomniacs reported decreased quality of life on virtually all dimensions of the item Short Form Health Survey of the Medical Outcomes Study SFwhich assesses 8 domains: 1 physical functioning; 2 role limitation due to physical health problems role physical ; 3 bodily pain; 4 general health perceptions; 5 vitality; 6 social functioning; 7 role limitations due to emotional health problems role emotional ; and 8 mental health.

Additionally, insomnia patients also reported more physical problems than patients with depression. Research has shown that among the daytime consequences of insomnia, the increased occurrence of accidents poses the greatest health risk. Insomniacs are 2, insomnia research paper. Kuppermann and colleagues 23 found that individuals reporting a current sleep problem were more likely than good sleepers to have decreased job performance and to have been absent from work in the last month due to health problems.

After adjusting for age, gender, and chronic disease, days of restricted activity due to illness and days spent in bed were about twice as common among insomniacs compared with non-insomniacs.

Population- and clinic-based studies have demonstrated a high rate of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with chronic insomnia. In fact, insomnia is more frequently associated with psychiatric disorders than any other medical illness. It insomnia research paper traditionally been assumed that insomnia is secondary to the psychiatric disorder; however, insomnia research paper, given the chronicity of insomnia, it is possible that in some, if not most, cases the insomnia precedes the psychiatric disorder.

In fact, it is possible that insomnia represents a significant risk for the development of a subsequent psychiatric disorder. In contrast, in chronic insomnia patients with a comorbid anxiety disorder, the first occurrence of anxiety or a relapse preceded insomnia in most instances. To further understand the relation of sleep and psychiatric disorders, several longitudinal studies have examined the evolution of psychiatric disorders among insomnia patients.

These studies used follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 40 years, with the majority using a 1- to 3-year follow-up period.

In all of these studies, insomnia has been found to confer a substantial risk for the development of a depressive disorder. While some studies also reported an increased risk insomnia research paper anxiety or drug abuse, neither of these was consistently found. Finally, longitudinal studies in subjects with affective disorders show that depressed patients who insomnia research paper improvements in sleep will also experience a more rapid antidepressant response; while those patients whose insomnia insomnia research paper will have a short time to relapse.

The question then arises as to whether insomnia causes depression, vice versa, insomnia research paper, or both. The close association of insomnia with depression is likely related to common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for sleep and mood regulation that make the individual vulnerable to both conditions.

Data have shown that both the diagnosis of insomnia and the severity of the sleep disturbance are related to overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis and the hypersecretion of cortisol. Corticotropin-releasing factor CRF dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as depression 32 as well as in the mediation of hyperarousal seen in primary insomnia.

Insomnia is thought to be a disorder of hyperarousal experienced throughout the entire day. This hyperarousal may exhibit itself as a state of hypervigilance during the day and difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep at night. The cognitive model suggests that worry and rumination about life stresses disrupt sleep, creating acute episodes of insomnia, especially in initiating sleep and returning back to sleep after an awakening.

This negatively-toned cognitive activity is further fueled if a insomnia research paper threat is detected or a sleep deficit is perceived. In parallel with the cognitive models, insomnia research paper, another model of the evolution of insomnia proposes that hyperarousal is primarily due to physiologic or neurophysiologic factors.

Physiological arousal has been evaluated through measurements of the whole body metabolic rate, heart rate variability, neuroendocrine measures, and functional neuroimaging. Insomnia research paper body metabolic rate may be measured by oxygen consumption VO 2. Recent studies compared good sleepers with patients diagnosed with insomnia. The insomnia patients exhibited significantly higher metabolic rates measured at intervals across the hour day than the healthy controls. Heart rate variability may provide a measure of arousal in that it is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activities.

A hour study 37 found that average heart rates were increased and variability was decreased in all stages of sleep in insomnia patients compared to healthy normal sleepers. The neuroendocrine system may also provide evidence of insomnia research paper as demonstrated by chronic activation of the stress response system. Several studies measuring hour urinary free cortisol excretion have found high levels in poor sleepers.

Although the evidence is somewhat mixed, primary insomniacs appear to have higher levels of these compounds in their plasma, with the most significant differences seen in the evening and the first half of the night.

Finally, positron emission tomography PET has been used to assess cerebral glucose metabolism, an indirect measure of whole brain metabolism, in patients with insomnia. Furthermore, the insomnia patients demonstrated smaller reductions in relative metabolism from waking to non-REM sleep in wake-promoting regions of the brain. These findings suggest interacting neural networks involved in the inability to fall asleep, which include a general arousal system, an emotion-regulating system, and a cognitive system.

Insomnia impairs cognitive and physical functioning and is associated with a wide range of impaired daytime functions across a number of emotional, social, and physical domains. Compared with good sleepers, people with persistent sleep disturbances are more prone to accidents, have higher rates of work absenteeism, diminished job performance, decreased quality of life, and increased health care utilization.

Various risk factors associated insomnia research paper increased prevalence of chronic insomnia include older age, female gender, and comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions. A comorbid psychiatric disorder such as depression or anxiety may be a consequence of—as well as a risk factor for—disrupted sleep.

Recent research suggests that insomnia and depression share common pathological processes that make individuals vulnerable to both conditions—specifically, abnormal regulation of CRF, insomnia research paper. CRF regulation has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, and hyperactivity of the HPA axis and CRF neurons could account for the hyperarousal and sleep disturbances associated with chronic insomnia. Studies that improve the knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms controlling regulation of sleep homeostasis, circadian rhythms, physiological hyperarousal, genetics, stress, and cognition are needed to adequately evaluate the causes and mechanisms of insomnia.

Effective pharmacologic and behavioral interventions to treat insomnia rely on accurate neurobehavioral and neurobiological information. Disclosure Statement, insomnia research paper. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. National Library of Medicine Rockville PikeBethesda MDUSA, insomnia research paper. NCBI Skip to main content Skip to navigation Resources How To About NCBI Accesskeys My NCBI Sign in to NCBI Sign Out.

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J Clin Sleep Med. PMCID: PMC Thomas RothPhD. Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI Find articles by Thomas Roth. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer, insomnia research paper. Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI. Address correspondence to: Thomas Roth, PhD, Director of Research, Sleep Disorders and Research Center at Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Hospital Sleep Center, West Grand Blvd.

shfh 1htoRT. Copyright © American Academy of Sleep Medicine, insomnia research paper. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Footnotes Disclosure Statement Dr.

Sateia MJ, Doghramji K, Hauri PJ, Morin CM, insomnia research paper. Evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia research paper in the United States: results of the National Sleep Foundation Survey. Sleep; National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference Statement on Manifestations insomnia research paper Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults; June 13—15, ; American Psychiatric Association.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D. Text Revision. Ohayon MM. Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. J Psychiatr Res. Johnson EO, Roth T, Schultz L, Breslau N.

Advanced PAP therapy for complex insomnia disorder patients

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Insomnia and Its Impact on Physical and Mental Health

Insomnia Research Papers look at the symptoms of this sleeping disorder. Research papers on insomnia examine the disorder or any part of the inability to sleep that you need explained. Custom writing makes certain that you get exactly what you need This study suggests that the economic burden of insomnia is very high, with the largest proportion of all expenses (76%) attributable to insomnia-related work absences and reduced blogger.comted Reading Time: 6 mins Insomnia Research Paper. Words3 Pages. How to Prevent Insomnia. An estimated 90% of people experience periods of insomnia throughout diverse phases of their lives. Insomnia is an extensive sleep disorder that prevents people from sleeping regularly. This particular sleep disorder is basically a response to either two questions: “Do you experience difficulty sleeping?” or “Do you have trouble